9-Layer Grid Model

Generator cost curves, fuel ingestion, dispatch economics

AC/DC conversion, inverter efficiency, transformer losses

Real-time load balancing, generation-demand equilibrium

Line losses, impedance, power flow between nodes

Bus voltage regulation, reactive power compensation

Scheduling, forecasting, intertemporal constraints

Fault detection, islanding protection, circuit limits

Renewable intermittency, stochastic generation modeling

Demand response, price elasticity, load flexibility